Killer disease returns to stalk dogs
By Peter Gorner

CHICAGO TRIBUNE
Published February 6, 2005

History's biggest killer of dogs, canine distemper, appears to be
breaking out again, alarming experts who thought vaccinations had
vanquished it in the United States.

In the last year, epidemics of the incurable disease have been
reported in Los Angeles, Phoenix, Atlanta, Dallas, Miami and
Washington state. A distemper episode last year killed at least 120
dogs and halted adoptions in shelters throughout the Chicago area
before it was brought under control.

And the virus, while quieter now in Chicago, still poses a
threat. "We're still receiving some animals straight from the street
that are sick with active distemper," said Marek Dygas, chief
veterinarian for the Chicago Department of Animal Care and Control.

Not only is distemper devastating to dogs--commonly resulting in
vomiting, seizures, paralysis and death--but the highly contagious
infection also can spread to wildlife with shattering impact.

Its presence also might be a harbinger of other outbreaks, because
owners who don't vaccinate their dogs against distemper are unlikely
to protect them against other diseases--including rabies, which can
spread to people.

Experts urge pet owners to ensure puppies and adult dogs are
vaccinated.

"This is an absolutely horrific disease. Get your dog immunized,"
said Ronald D. Schultz, a veterinary immunologist.

The incident at the city's municipal shelter, which normally sees
only a handful of distemper cases a year and saw none the previous
year, was of so much concern that a task force of academic
scientists, veterinarians and infectious disease specialists was
formed to look into why so many dogs were infected.

The scientists assumed that many animals brought to the shelter--
often strays or abandoned fighting dogs--had not been vaccinated.

"We see distemper in shelters throughout the country," said Schultz,
a key task force member. "It doesn't exist as a significant disease
for the average pet dog anymore, because if you vaccinate the dog as
a puppy, you've [usually] got lifetime immunity."

But testing showed the percentage of unvaccinated dogs was even
higher than expected. And the team remains concerned that lack of
shots doesn't tell the whole story.

The scientists worry that the virus has survived so long in this area
because a new, vaccine-resistant strain of neurologic distemper is
circulating. Maybe another virus is infecting animals, making them
more susceptible to distemper. The task force still regularly meets,
and the scientific quest for answers continues.

Canine distemper virus is a deadly sibling of measles that attacks
the respiratory, gastrointestinal and nervous systems. Until the
1950s, it was the most feared disease of dogs.

"Before effective vaccines were developed, half of all litters--50
percent of all puppies in the U.S.--were dying from distemper," said
Schultz, chairman of pathobiological sciences at the University of
Wisconsin-Madison's School of Veterinary Medicine.

Dogs can contract distemper by exposure to viral particles from
infected pets or wildlife that serve as reservoirs for the virus,
such as foxes, wolves, coyotes, raccoons and skunks.

Unvaccinated puppies under 4 months are the most susceptible. Classic
signs include coughing and sneezing, followed by a thick greenish
discharge from the eyes and nose. Depression, lack of appetite,
vomiting and diarrhea are common.

In advanced stages, the virus migrates from the face to the brain,
causing "bubble gum" seizures where the dog seems to be chewing on
air. These can progress to grand mal seizures and paralysis. There is
no cure.

"We could only alleviate a sick animal's suffering by euthanasia,"
Dygas said.

In recent decades, vaccination strategies have become so successful
that experts in dog distemper are a vanishing breed.

"Most of us are either retired or dead," Schultz noted
wryly. "Younger veterinarians--including some being quoted as experts-
-may have never seen an active case of distemper. But if you have,
you never forget it."

Dygas, who has worked in countries where distemper is less rare,
detected trouble at the shelter after a dog that had been adopted in
April was returned when it started showing neurological symptoms. He
ordered a distemper test, in addition to a postmortem rabies test.

Soon Dygas found Schultz, and they teamed up with virologist John
Lednicky, director of molecular virology at Loyola University Medical
Center, to address a flare-up of distemper. One of the first things
they did was test blood samples for antibodies to see how many
shelter animals had been vaccinated.

"Whenever something like this happens, it's usually a failure to
effectively vaccinate," Schultz said.

Task force members said they were shocked to find that 65 percent of
the dogs entering the shelter had no evidence of vaccinations--not
only against distemper, but also against rabies. A 30 percent figure
is more typical, Schultz said.

Dygas said most of the infected dogs have been mixed-breed
Rottweilers and pit bulls.

"They had been owned and then released on the street. They never saw
a veterinarian before," he said. "When those animals were brought
here, they already were in bad condition. They didn't have proper
nutrition. Their immune system was not prepared to fight any kind of
contagious disease."

Lednicky and his colleagues at the Conservation Medicine Center, a
collaboration among Loyola, the University of Illinois College of
Veterinary Medicine and Brookfield Zoo, have been studying dog
distemper in Chicago-area raccoons for more than eight years. Their
research revealed that the primary symptoms were neurological and
that sick raccoons can infect dogs and, in some cases, zoo animals.

"That's a big concern," Lednicky said. "When a virus starts cycling
back and forth among species, the rate of mutation can be speeded up.
It was possible that modern distemper vaccines no longer would work."

To test that possibility, Lednicky used high-tech molecular
techniques to isolate and sequence three strains of distemper virus
from dogs that were dying at the shelter. He drove the samples up to
Madison, where Schultz exposed vaccinated Wisconsin lab dogs to each
viral isolate. The dogs shrugged off the challenges, indicating the
three current vaccines still worked.

But Lednicky discovered an unusual strain of distemper virus
circulating in this area, one closely related to a strain that
primarily attacks the nervous system, causing acute and progressive
inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. That could account for the
neurological symptoms seen here in dogs and wildlife, he believes.

Researchers in Switzerland, who discovered the strain, have
determined it to be much more virulent than commonly studied
distemper viruses. Recently the Swiss asked Lednicky and Schultz to
collaborate on further research.

As he pieces together the puzzle, Lednicky still worries the dog
disease might be masking something more dangerous.

"Is there a virus going around, similar to SARS, that is affecting
animals and making them more susceptible to distemper? Can it spread
to humans? Those are the questions I'm asking," he said.

The task force scientists credit the city's Animal Care and Control
Department for recognizing there was a problem and seeking outside
advice. But controlling an airborne disease in a large facility that
processes and houses 26,000 animals each year proved to be arduous.

"What was happening early on--when the outbreak first occurred--was
like pouring gasoline on a fire," Schultz said. "Every time they
brought in a new, susceptible animal, it became infected immediately
because of all the infection that was in the shelter."

Once the scientists increased awareness, Animal Care and Control
began vaccinating every arriving dog. A 30-day moratorium on
adoptions was instituted. Staff members donned disposable garments
and sanitized their shoes before moving in and out of areas where
animals were housed. A new quarantine protocol went into effect.

The epidemic eventually seemed to burn itself out, and the shelter
restarted its adoption program. Dygas said the shelter now has no
positive cases in the facility, at 2751 S. Western Ave.

Recently, shelter volunteers severely criticized the facility over
hygiene issues and a slow response to the distemper epidemic. The
director at the time of the outbreak, Nikki Proutsos, no longer works
there.

Veterinarians in the area reported 27 confirmed cases outside the
shelter last fall, but only one case since October, said Patricia
Montgomery, executive director of the Chicago Veterinary Medical
Association.

The task force scientists said Chicago should follow the lead of
other cities in the U.S. that offer free distemper and rabies
vaccinations for dogs as part of a public health program.

The Chicago Department of Public Health has no plans to sponsor such
a program, said spokesman Tim Hadac, adding that "once Animal Care
and Control gets a new director, we will doubtless touch base on any
number of issues that affect both our agencies."

But such a program not only would be more humane to pets, but also
would help protect wildlife, the scientists said.

Lednicky said he also is concerned because, as with West Nile virus,
wildlife often is a bellwether of emerging human public health
problems.

"Our studies were tantamount to a random sample of stray dogs in
Chicago and suburbs--dogs most likely to come in contact with
wildlife," Lednicky said.

"And that really scares me."

Copyright © 2005, Chicago Tribune

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