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Tiger, Tiger
Why it's time to reconsider the whole notion of putting wild animals in zoos
By Marc Gellman
Special to Newsweek
Aug. 1, 2007 - On July 14, Jeff Tierney, a zookeeper at the San Antonio,
Texas, zoo was attacked and mauled by a five-year-old male Sumatran
tiger named Berani who had been at the zoo for three years. In the slow
summer news cycle, this story was briefly reported and then the focus
of the media returned to important stories like what is Paris Hilton up
to. But I am still thinking about Jeff and Berani.
My grandpa, Leo Gellman, was a zookeeper at the Milwaukee zoo. My
childhood was filled with happy days feeding giraffes and monkeys. I
wanted to feed Sampson the gorilla and Tony and Cleo the
hippopotamuses, but Grandpa Lepa never let me get close to them.
He loved animals, but he also understood what it means to be wild.
He would patiently explain to me that they did not want to be in their
cages but that we put them there so that little boys like me could see
up close what they look like, how they move and what sounds they
make. Grandpa explained to me that this was a deal we humans made
with the wild animals of the world. We capture and display some of them
so that people would feel something for them and protect the wild
animals that were not in cages. I asked grandpa if he thought the deal
was fair. He thought and said, "It's a good deal for us, and not such a
good deal for them." I still think grandpa was right.
The zoo deal needs to be reconsidered. I just finished watching the
Discovery Channel's "Planet Earth" in all its high-definition
spectacularness. It does more to show animals in their natural
environment, behaving as they really behave in the wild than any
zoo ever could. True, you cannot smell them, and true, there is an
unforgettable size and savor to elephant dung, but in these new
breathtaking images, we humans can see animals without imprisoning
them. Now I can already hear the pro-zoo defenders objecting that
if we can eat animals, we can certainly trap and display them. But
animals do not have the rights of people. The philosopher Peter Singer
would call this pro-human arrogance "species-ism"—just another form
of bigotry.
The tigers I saw spent all day pacing in their cages, and it was clear
that they were not happy cats. The attack on Jeff Tierney ought to
remind us that these are wild animals that we foolishly expect to
behave like house pets so that we can ogle them. They were not
built to be displayed. They were built, I would say created, to run
free and be wild in the few wild parts that remain here on planet
earth. We changed that for the tiger we named Berani, and his attack
was not just an attack on the man bringing horsemeat for lunch. This
was an attack on everything we do to wild animals for our convenience,
for our expansion and for our enjoyment. The deal my Grandpa Lepa
explained to me is a hard deal for the animals, and I am not sure how
much longer we ought to defend it.
The animals in zoos do not behave like their wild cousins. They
mostly mope around, and some of them, like the bears I remember,
have even learned to sit up and beg for treats. Look, I don't want
to appear to be a zoo Scrooge here, but the enjoyment of kids at
the zoo, an enjoyment that once included me every weekend, is
not a reason to imprison animals. Do zoos increase environmental
consciousness and thus help to protect the habitats of other wild
animals? I don't think so. As far as I can tell, the people deforesting
the Amazon or killing elephants in Africa for their ivory have not
been deterred by outraged kids and their families who just visited
the zoo. I love what domesticated animals like dogs and cats do for
us: they teach us the joy and responsibility of truly caring for a living
being who depends upon you and who loves you in return. However,
it is simplistic and wrong to imagine that our love for Fido is the same
as our love for lions and tigers and bears. Oh my!
I am of course pleased that the zoos of today are not the cement and
steel prisons I remember from the old Milwaukee zoo (the new one
is beautiful). The cages have become displays, and every effort is
made to recreate natural settings. In some new zoos, the people
actually travel safari-like through the animal habitats. Zoos have also
helped to save endangered species and reintroduce them into the
wild. However, not all zoos are new zoos. Many thousands of wild
animals are trapped in horrible conditions. I remember traveling in
a country tormented by war, and I saw emaciated lions panting in
the heat as a rotten chicken carcass became food for the flies. It was
the Jerusalem zoo after the Six Day War, and it made me remember
that every time I visited the zoo with grandpa, I hatched some fantasy
to free all the animals from their cages. Once I told grandpa of my
plans and he said that Milwaukee was not really a good place for
hippopotamuses to live.
I have no desire to lead an anti-zoo crusade, but a part of me sees
zoos as an act of human domination over wild animals. There is a
cute little polar bear cub in the Berlin zoo named Knut who is a
huge attraction. The zoo recently announced that the little show in
which Knut frolics with a zookeeper would be stopped because
Knut was becoming too big and too aggressive. In time the crowds
will go away, but Knut will still be there in his cage, his wildness,
his very essence, now a public-relations liability.
We must learn to know Knut as just a polar bear without a name and
Berani as just a tiger yearning to be free. William Blake understood
all this. He wrote what I precisely and passionately believe:
The Tiger
Tiger, Tiger, burning bright
In the forest of the night,
What immortal hand or eye
Could frame thy fearful symmetry?
In what distant deeps or skies
Burnt the fire of thine eyes?
On what wings dare he aspire?
What the hand dare seize the fire?
And what shoulder and what art
Could twist the sinews of thy heart?
And, when thy heart began to beat,
What dread hand and what dread feet?
What the hammer? What the chain?
In what furnace was thy brain?
What the anvil? What dread grasp
Dare its deadly terrors clasp?
When the stars threw down their spears,
And water'd heaven with their tears,
Did He smile His work to see?
Did He who made the lamb make thee?
Tiger, Tiger, burning bright
In the forests of the night,
What immortal hand or eye
Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?
© 2007 Newsweek, Inc.
Posted on SHARE Yahoo group - Aug. 7, 2007